Aliskiren attenuates cardiac dysfunction by modulation of the mTOR and apoptosis pathways

Aliskiren (ALS) is well known for its antihypertensive properties. However, the potential underlying the molecular mechanism and the anti-hypertrophic effect of ALS have not yet been fully elucidated. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of ALS in mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and apoptosis signaling using in vivo and in vitro models of cardiac hypertrophy. A rat model of cardiac hypertrophy was induced by isoproterenol treatment (5 mg·kg-1·day-1) for 4 weeks, with or without ALS treatment at 20 mg·kg-1·day-1. The expression of hypertrophic, fibrotic, and apoptotic markers was determined by RT-qPCR. The protein expression of apoptotic markers mTOR and p-mTOR was assessed by western blot analysis. The proliferation of H9C2 cells was monitored using the MTS assay. Cell apoptosis was analyzed using flow cytometry. In vivo, isoproterenol-treated rats exhibited worse cardiac function, whereas ALS treatment reversed these dysfunctions, which were associated with changes in p-mTOR, Bcl-2, Bax, and cleaved caspase-3 expression, as well as the number of apoptotic cells. In vitro, H9C2 cardiomyocyte viability was significantly inhibited and cardiac hypertrophy was induced by Ang II administration, but ALS reversed Ang II-induced H9C2 cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and death. Furthermore, Ang II triggered the activation of the mTOR and apoptosis pathways in hypertrophic cardiomyocytes that were inhibited by ALS treatment. These results indicated that ALS alleviated cardiac hypertrophy through inhibition of the mTOR and apoptosis pathways in cardiomyocytes.

Effect of equipotent doses of bupivacaine and ropivacaine in high-fat diet fed neonatal rodent model / Efeito de doses equipotentes de bupivacaína e ropivacaína em modelo de roedor neonatal alimentado com dieta rica em gordura

Abstract Objectives: The increase in the prevalence of obesity presents a significant health and economic problem. Obesity has been reported to be a major contributor to variety of chronic diseases. Childhood obesity has been rising over the past decades leading to various complications in health. Millions of infants and children undergo surgery every year on various health grounds. The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the effect of spinal anesthesia of equipotent doses of ropivacaine and bupivacaine on over-weight neonatal rats. Methods: The Sprague-Dawley rat pups were overfed on high fat diet to induce obesity. Behavioral assessments for sensory and motor blockade was made by evaluating thermal and mechanical withdrawal latencies at various time intervals following intrathecal injections of bupivacaine (5.0 mg·kg-1) and ropivacaine (7.5 mg·kg-1) in P14 rats. Spinal tissue was analyzed for apoptosis by determination of activated caspase-3 using monoclonal anti-activated caspase-3 and Fluoro-Jade C staining. Long-term spinal function in P30 rat pups was evaluated. Results: Exposure to intrathecal anesthesia in P14 increased thermal and mechanical latencies and was observed to increase apoptosis as presented by increase in activated caspase-3 and Fluro-Jade C positive cells. Significant alterations in spinal function were observed in high fat diet-fed pups as against non-obese control pups that were on standard diet. Bupivacaine produced more pronounced apoptotic effects on P14 pups; ropivacaine however produced long lasting effects as evidenced in motor function tests at P30. Conclusion: Ropivacaine and bupivacaine induced spinal toxicity that was more pronounced in over-fed rat pups as against normal controls.

Resumo Objetivos: O aumento da prevalência da obesidade é um problema sério de saúde e econômico. A obesidade tem sido relatada como um dos principais contribuintes para uma variedade de doenças crônicas. A obesidade infantil tem aumentado nas últimas décadas e levado a complicações de saúde. Milhões de bebês e crianças são submetidos a cirurgia todos os anos por diversos motivos de saúde. O presente estudo foi feito para avaliar o efeito da raquianestesia com doses equipotentes de ropivacaína e bupivacaína em ratos recém-nascidos com sobrepeso. Métodos: As crias de ratos Sprague-Dawley foram alimentadas em excesso com dieta rica em gordura para induzir obesidade. Avaliações comportamentais para bloqueio sensorial e motor foram feitas por meio da avaliação das latências de retirada térmicas e mecânicas em vários intervalos de tempo após injeções por via intratecal de bupivacaína (5,0 mg·kg-1) e ropivacaína (7,5 mg·kg-1) em ratos P14. Tecido medular foi analisado para apoptose por determinação da caspase-3 ativada, com o uso de anticorpo monoclonal anti-caspase 3 ativada e ecoloração com Fluoro-Jade C. A função da coluna vertebral em longo prazo em filhotes de ratos P30 foi avaliada. Resultados: A exposição à anestesia intratecal em P14 aumentou as latências térmicas e mecânicas e observamos aumento da apoptose, como apresentado pelo aumento da caspase-3 ativada e células positivas para Fluro-Jade C. Alterações significativas da função da coluna vertebral foram observadas em filhotes alimentados com dieta rica em gordura versus filhotes controles não obesos em dieta padrão. Bupivacaína produziu efeitos apoptóticos mais pronunciados sobre os filhotes P14; ropivacaína, entretanto, produziu efeitos duradouros, como evidenciado nos testes de função motora em P30. Conclusão: Ropivacaína e bupivacaína induziram toxicidade medular mais pronunciada nos filhotes de ratos sobrealimentados do que nos controles normais.

Sparing Effects of Sufentanil on Epidural Ropivacaine in Elderly Patients Undergoing Transurethral Resection of Prostate Surgery

PURPOSE: This study examined the sparing effect of sufentanil on the median effective concentration (EC50) of epidural ropivacaine in elderly patients undergoing elective transurethral resection of prostate (TURP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a prospective randomized double-blind dose-response study. Fifty eight elderly patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I-II who were scheduled for TURP surgery under epidural anesthesia were randomly allocated to a group receiving 15 mL of ropivacaine (group R) or a group receiving ropivacaine plus 5 microg of sufentanil (group RS). The concentration of ropivacaine was determined by a Dixon's up-and-down sequential allocation. The first participant received 0.3% of ropivacaine in both groups and subsequent concentrations were determined by the response of the previous patient in the same group. The EC50 of epidural ropivacaine was analyzed using the Dixon and Massey method. RESULTS: The EC50 of ropivacaine during TURP surgery was 0.186% (95% confidence interval, 0.173-0.200%) in group R, and 0.136% (95% confidence interval, 0.127-0.144%) in group RS (p<0.01). No differences in Bromage scale of motor block examination and the onset time of sensory block were observed. CONCLUSION: Administration of 5 microg of epidural sufentanil caused a 37% reduction in the EC50 of epidural ropivacaine in elderly patients who underwent TURP surgery. Thus, sufentanil addition during surgery of TURP can decrease the dose of ropivacaine anesthesia required.

Análisis histopatológico del cartílago articular expuesto a metilprednisolona, ropivacaína y ácido hialurónico en un modelo animal de osteoartrosis / Histopathological analysis of the articular cartilage exposed to methylprednisolone, ropivacaine and hyaluronic acid in an animal model of osteoarthrosis

La osteoartrosis es un padecimiento del aparato locomotor con una prevalencia elevada y en crecimiento, paralela al envejecimiento de la población. La infiltración intraarticular de sustancias para aliviar la sintomatología de la osteoartrosis es una práctica común en el consultorio médico de los especialistas que atienden esta enfermedad. Aunque la sintomatología mejora con la infiltración de anestésicos locales, corticoesteroides y suplementos viscosantes, es aún incierto el efecto que estas sustancias tienen sobre la integridad del cartílago articular. Este estudio explora a nivel macroscópico e histológico el efecto de la infiltración de ropivacaína, metilprednisolona y ácido hialurónico sobre el cartílago articular en un modelo de osteoartrosis química en conejos (n=24). Nuestros resultados indican que en los grupos infiltrados con metilprednisolona (n=8) y ropivacaína (n=8) la estructura del cartílago articular presento alteraciones más severas con respecto a su grupo control, además de una disminución importante en la síntesis de matriz extracelular. En el grupo infiltrado con ácido hialurónico (n=8), las alteraciones macroscópicas e histológicas del cartílago articular mejoraron con respecto a su grupo control, presentando una estructura integra y síntesis de matriz extracelular normal.

Osteoarthritis is a musculoskeletal condition with a high prevalence, increasing with the aging of population. The intraarticular infiltration of substances to relieve the symptoms of osteoarthritis is a common practice in medical practice. Although symptoms improved with the infiltration of local anesthetics, corticosteroids and supplements, it is still uncertain what effect these substances have on the integrity of articular cartilage. This study explores the macroscopic and histological effects of infiltration of Ropivacaine, Methylprednisolone and Hyaluronic Acid on articular cartilage in a model of chemical osteoarthritis in rabbits (n=24). Our results indicate that in the infiltrated groups with Methylprednisolone (n=8) and Ropivacaine (n=8) the structure of articular cartilage present more severe alterations with respect to its control group and an important decrease in the synthesis of extracellular matrix. In-group infiltrated with hyaluronic acid (n=8), macroscopic and histological changes of articular cartilage improved with respect to its control group, presenting a normal structure and normal extracellular matrix synthesis.

Intrathecal fentanyl as an adjuvant to 0.75% isobaric ropivacaine for infraumbilical surgery under subarachnoid block: a prospective study

Subarachnoid blockade can be used in all surgical procedures carried out on the infraumbilical region. This study was aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of intrathecal fentanyl as an adjuvant to 0.75% isobaric ropivacaine on onset, duration, intensity, and recovery time of sensory and motor blockade of subarachnoid block for infra umbilical surgery. One hundred sixty adult consented patients of either gender with American Society of Anesthesiologist ASA I and II scheduled for infraumbilical surgery were randomized into two groups of 80 patients each to receive either intrathecal study solution of 4 mL of 0.75% ropivacaine with 0.4 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride [Group I-Ropivacaine Control Group RC] or fentanyl [20 micro g] [Group II-Ropivacaine with Fentanyl RF]. The end points were hemodynamic variability, onset of analgesia at T 10, maximum sensory analgesic level, time to complete motor blockade, duration of sensory and motor blockade and adequacy of surgical anesthesia. The post-spinal nausea and vomiting, shivering, pruritus, respiratory depression or any other side-effects were also assessed. At the end of study, data were systematically complied and analyzed for statistically significance. The intrathecal fentanyl has accelerated the onset time to achieve sensory blockade to T10 dermatome and motor blockade. Small dose of intrathecal fentanyl with ropivacaine has prolonged the duration of analgesia in the early post-operative period when compared with intrathecal ropivacaine alone. The intraoperative hemodynamic variability showed no statistically significant differences between groups. Intrathecal fentanyl as an adjuvant to 0.75% isobaric ropivacaine demonstrated better clinical profile as compared to ropivacaine alone

Efficacy of spinal ropivacaine versus ropivacaine with fentanyl in transurethral resection operations

The low-dose ropivacaine provides differential spinal block to reduce adverse hemodynamic effects in elderly patients. Addition of intrathecal fentanyl with ropivacaine may enhance analgesia and early postoperative mobility. The present study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of intrathecal ropivacaine alone and in combination with fentanyl in transurethral resection operation. Sixty male patients aged >50 years of ASA I-III scheduled for elective transurethral resection were included in a prospective, randomized, double-blinded study and they were divided in two groups of 30 each. Group A [n = 30] received intrathecal injection of ropivacaine 2 ml [0.75%] and Group B [n = 30] ropivacaine 1.8 ml [0.75%] with fentanyl 10 micro g. The characteristics of onset and regression of sensory and motor blockade, hemodynamic stability, and side effects were observed. Student's t test [for parametric data] and Mann-Whitney U test [for non-parametric data] were used for statistical analyses. There were no significant differences between the two groups for patient demographic data, intraoperative hemodynamic parameters, side effects, and satisfaction to patients and surgeon. The highest level of sensory block was at T10 in group A and T9 in group B [P = 0.001]. Duration of motor block was longer in group B being 210.51 +/- 61.25 min than in group A being 286.25 +/- 55.65 min [P < 0.001]. The addition of fentanyl to ropivacaine may offer the advantage of shorter duration of complete motor block, hemodynamic stability, and without any increase in the frequency of major side effects

Diurnal Intraocular Pressure with Bimatoprost/Timolol Fixed Combination versus Latanoprost/Timolol Fixed Combination in Healthy Subjects

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of a bimatoprost/timolol fixed combination (BTFC) and a latanoprost/timolol fixed combination (LTFC) on diurnal intraocular pressure (IOP) and anterior ocular parameters in healthy subjects. METHODS: We enrolled 58 healthy subjects in this prospective clinical study. Thirty subjects were treated with BTFC and 28 subjects were treated with LTFC. IOP was measured every 2 hours except from 01:00 and 05:00. Axial length, corneal curvature, and anterior chamber depth were obtained using the IOL master at baseline and 24 hours later. Adverse events were assessed by patient interview and by slit lamp examination. RESULTS: The largest difference in IOP between treated and untreated eyes 8 hours after instillation was 1.67 mmHg in the BTFC group (p < 0.001). The largest difference in IOP between treated and untreated eyes 10 hours after instillation was 1.93 mmHg in the LTFC group (p < 0.001). For anterior ocular parameters such as axial length, corneal curvature, anterior chamber depth at baseline and 24 hours after instillation, there were no significant differences between the baseline and 24-hour values in either the BTFC or LTFC group. The most frequently occurring adverse event was conjunctival hyperemia, which was found in 33.3% (n = 10) of the BTFC group and 25.0% (n = 7) of the LTFC group (p = 0.486). CONCLUSIONS: BTFC and LTFC provided a significant reduction in IOP from baseline without changing any anterior ocular parameters. Our results provide a reference for monocular trials to assess the effect of eye drops in a clinical condition.

Diurnal Intraocular Pressure with Bimatoprost/Timolol Fixed Combination versus Latanoprost/Timolol Fixed Combination in Healthy Subjects

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of a bimatoprost/timolol fixed combination (BTFC) and a latanoprost/timolol fixed combination (LTFC) on diurnal intraocular pressure (IOP) and anterior ocular parameters in healthy subjects. METHODS: We enrolled 58 healthy subjects in this prospective clinical study. Thirty subjects were treated with BTFC and 28 subjects were treated with LTFC. IOP was measured every 2 hours except from 01:00 and 05:00. Axial length, corneal curvature, and anterior chamber depth were obtained using the IOL master at baseline and 24 hours later. Adverse events were assessed by patient interview and by slit lamp examination. RESULTS: The largest difference in IOP between treated and untreated eyes 8 hours after instillation was 1.67 mmHg in the BTFC group (p < 0.001). The largest difference in IOP between treated and untreated eyes 10 hours after instillation was 1.93 mmHg in the LTFC group (p < 0.001). For anterior ocular parameters such as axial length, corneal curvature, anterior chamber depth at baseline and 24 hours after instillation, there were no significant differences between the baseline and 24-hour values in either the BTFC or LTFC group. The most frequently occurring adverse event was conjunctival hyperemia, which was found in 33.3% (n = 10) of the BTFC group and 25.0% (n = 7) of the LTFC group (p = 0.486). CONCLUSIONS: BTFC and LTFC provided a significant reduction in IOP from baseline without changing any anterior ocular parameters. Our results provide a reference for monocular trials to assess the effect of eye drops in a clinical condition.

Anestesia para craniotomia em paciente acordado: relato de caso / Anesthesia for awake craniotomy: case report / Anestesia para craneotomía en paciente despierto: relato de caso

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Alguns procedimentos intracranianos são possíveis com pacientes acordados e os desafios vão da cooperação do paciente até a homeostasia. O objetivo é apresentar um caso de cirurgia intracraniana para exérese de tumor em lobo parietal esquerdo com o paciente em estado vígil. RELATO DE CASO: Após seleção do paciente e preparo psicológico, foi esclarecida e aceita a proposta de exérese de lesão parietal esquerda em estado vígil. Administraram-se propofol e remifentanil em perfusão contínua para manter o escore de Ramsay entre 2-3. Foi feito um bloqueio bilateral do escalpo com ropivacaína. Foi instalado o fixador de Mayfield e os campos cirúrgicos foram ajustados para manter vias aéreas e olhos acessíveis para o mapeamento com eletroestimulação e exérese da lesão. Para incisão da dura-máter foi aplicada uma compressa com lidocaína 2% por três minutos. A cirurgia transcorreu sem intercorrências. O paciente recebeu alta hospitalar no sétimo dia de internação sem apresentar complicação. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar de ser um desafio manter analgesia e estabilidade hemodinâmica com o paciente acordado, a infusão alvo-controlada do propofol estabeleceu o nível de consciência desejado; a do remifentanil titulou a analgesia e a sedação sem o acúmulo da droga e o bloqueio com a ropivacaína, uma analgesia satisfatória. Concluímos que a técnica anestésica foi satisfatória para nosso paciente.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Some intracranial procedures are achievable with patients awake, however, there are challenges ranging from patient compliance to homeostasis. The aim of this study is to present a case of intracranial surgery for removal of a tumor in the left parietal lobe with the patient awake during the procedure. CASE REPORT: After patient selection and psychological preparation, the proposed excision of the left parietal lobe lesion in the waking state was clarified and accepted. Continuous infusion of propofol and remifentanil was administered to maintain a Ramsay score of 2-3. The bilateral scalp blockade was performed with ropivacaine. The Mayfield head fixation device was installed and drapes adjusted to maintain the airway and eyes accessible for mapping with electrical stimulation and tumor excision. For dura mater incision, a pad with 2% lidocaine was applied for 3 minutes. The surgery was uneventful. The patient was discharged on the seventh day of hospitalization without presenting complication. CONCLUSION: Although the maintenance of analgesia and hemodynamic stability was a challenge with the patient awake, the target-controlled infusion of propofol provided the desired level of consciousness, remifentanil titrated analgesia and sedation without drug accumulation, and the blockade with ropivacaine provided satisfactory analgesia. We conclude that the anesthetic technique was satisfactory for our patient.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: Algunos procedimientos intracraneales se pueden hacer con pacientes despiertos y los retos van desde la cooperación del paciente hasta la homeostasia. El objetivo aquí, es presentar un caso de cirugía intracraneal para la exéresis de tumor en el lobo parietal izquierdo con el paciente en estado de vigilia. RELATO DE CASO: Después de la selección del paciente y dela preparación psicológica, se aclaró y aceptó la propuesta de exéresis de lesión parietal izquierda en estado de vigilia. Se administraron propofol y remifentanilo en perfusión continua para mantener la puntuación de Ramsay entre 2-3. Se hizo un bloqueo bilateral del escalpo con ropivacaína. Se instaló el fijador de Mayfield y los campos quirúrgicos se ajustaron para mantener las vías aéreas y los ojos accesibles para el mapeo con la electroestimulación y la exéresis de la lesión. Para la incisión de la dura madre se aplicó una compresa con lidocaína al 2% durante tres minutos. La cirugía transcurrió sin intercurrencias. El paciente recibió alta hospitalaria al séptimo día del ingreso sin presentar complicaciones. CONCLUSIONES: A pesar de ser un reto mantener la analgesia y la estabilidad hemodinámica con el paciente despierto, la infusión objeto controlada del propofol estableció el nivel de consciencia deseado; la del remifentanilo tituló la analgesia y la sedación sin la acumulación de la droga y el bloqueo con la ropivacaína, una analgesia satisfactoria. Concluimos por tanto, que la técnica anestésica fue satisfactoria para nuestro paciente.

Evidence of presynaptic and postsynaptic action of local anesthetics in rats

PURPOSE: To assess the probable actions of ropivacaine, 50% enantiomeric excess bupivacaine mixture (S75-R25) and levobupivacaine on neuromuscular transmission in vitro. METHODS: Thirty rats were distributed into groups (n=5) according to the drug used: ropivacaine, bupivacaine (S75-R25) and levobupivacaine. The concentration used for the three local anesthetics (LA) was 5 µg.mL.-1The following parameters were evaluated: 1) LA effects on membrane potential (MP) and miniature end plate potential (MEPP). A chick biventer cervicis preparation was also used to evaluate LA effects on the contracture response to acetylcholine. RESULTS: LA did not alter MP values and decreased the frequency and amplitude of MEPP. In a chick biventer cervicis preparation, bupivacaine (S75-R25) and levobupivacaine decreased the contracture response to acetylcholine with statistical significance, in comparison to ropivacaine. CONCLUSIONS: In the concentrations used, levobupivacaine and bupivacaine (S75-R25) exhibited presynaptic and postsynaptic actions evidenced by alterations in miniature end plate potentials and contracture response to acetylcholine. Ropivacaine only had a presynaptic action.

Ocular surface evaluation in patients treated with a fixed combination of prostaglandin analogues with 0.5% timolol maleate topical monotherapy: a randomized clinical trial

OBJECTIVES: To compare ocular surface changes induced via glaucoma treatment in patients using fixed combinations of prostaglandin analogues (travoprost, latanoprost and bimatoprost) with 0.5% timolol maleate METHODS: A prospective, multicenter, randomized, parallel group, single-blind clinical trial was performed in 33 patients with ocular hypertension or open angle glaucoma who had not been previously treated. The ocular surface was evaluated prior to and three months after treatment, with a daily drop instillation of one of the three medications. The main outcome measurements included the tear film break-up time, Schirmer's test, Lissamine green staining, the Ocular Surface Disease Index questionnaire, impression cytology using HE and PAS and immunocytochemistry for interleukin-6 and HLA-DR. Ensaiosclinicos.gov.br: UTN - U1111-1129-2872 RESULTS: All of the drugs induced a significant reduction in intraocular pressure. Decreases in the Schirmer's test results were observed with all of the drugs. Decreases in tear-film break-up time were noted with travoprost/timolol and latanoprost/timolol. An increase in the Lissamine green score was noted with travoprost/timolol and bimatoprost/timolol. The Ocular Surface Disease Index score increased after treatment in the travoprost/timolol group. Impression cytology revealed a significant difference in cell-to-cell contact in the same group, an increase in cellularity in all of the groups and an increase in the number of goblet cells in all of the groups. The fixed combinations induced an increase in IL-6 expression in the travoprost/timolol group, in which there was also an increase in HLA-DR expression. CONCLUSIONS: All of the fixed combinations induced a significant reduction in intraocular pressure, and the travoprost/timolol group showed increased expression of the inflammatory markers HLA-DR and interleukin-6. All three tested medications resulted in some degree of deterioration in ...

Comparação de morfina administrada por via intravenosa e via epidural com/sem bupivacaína ou ropivacaína no tratamento da dor pós-toracotomia com a técnica de analgesia controlada pelo paciente / Comparison of intravenous morphine, epidural morphine with/without bupivacaine or ropivacaine in postthoracotomy pain management with patient controlled analgesia technique / Comparación de la morfina administrada por vía intravenosa y vía epidural con /sin bupivacaína o ropivacaína en el tratamiento del dolor pos toracotomía con la técnica de analgesia controlada por el paciente

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O objetivo deste estudo randomizado, duplo-cego e prospectivo foi determinar a eficácia e os efeitos colaterais da administração por via intravenosa ou epidural de morfina, bupivacaína ou ropivacaína no tratamento da dor pós-toracotomia. MÉTODOS: Sessenta pacientes submetidos a procedimentos de toracotomia eletiva foram randomicamente alocados em quatro grupos com o uso da técnica de envelopes lacrados. Os grupos MIV, ME, MEB e MER receberam morfina controlada pelo paciente por via intravenosa, e morfina, morfina-bupivacaína e morfina- ropivacaína epidural, respectivamente. Frequência cardíaca, pressão arterial e saturação de oxigênio perioperatórias e dor pós-operatória em repouso e durante a tosse, efeitos colaterais e necessidade de analgésicos de resgate foram registrados aos 30 e 60 minutos e em duas, quatro, seis, 12, 24, 36, 48 e 72 horas. RESULTADOS: A necessidade de sódio diclofenaco durante o estudo foi menor no grupo ME. A área sob a curva de tempo na VAS foi menor no grupo ME em comparação com o Grupo MIV, mas similar aos Grupos MEB e MER. Os escores de dor em repouso foram maiores nos tempos 12, 24, 36 e 48 horas no Grupo MIV em comparação com o Grupo ME. Os escores de dor em repouso foram maiores aos 30 e 60 minutos nos Grupos ME e MIV em comparação com o Grupo MEB. Os escores de dor durante a tosse aos 30 minutos foram maiores no grupo ME em comparação com o Grupo MEB. Não houve diferença entre os Grupos MIV e MER. CONCLUSÕES: Morfina administrada por via epidural foi mais eficaz do que por via intravenosa. A eficácia foi maior no grupo EM no período pós-operatório tardio e no Grupo MEB no período pós-operatório inicial. Concluímos que morfina administrada por via epidural foi a mais eficaz e preferida.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVEs: The aim of this randomized, double-blinded, prospective study was to determine the effectiveness and side effects of intravenous or epidural use of morphine, bupivacaine or ropivacaine on post-thoracotomy pain management. METHODS: Sixty patients undergoing elective thoracotomy procedure were randomly allocated into 4 groups by the sealed envelope technique. Group IVM, EM, EMB and EMR received patient controlled intravenous morphine, and epidural morphine, morphine-bupivacaine and morphineropivacaine, respectively. Perioperative heart rate, blood pressure and oxygen saturation and postoperative pain at rest and during cough, side effects and rescue analgesic requirements were recorded at the 30th and 60th minutes and the 2nd, 4th, 6th, 12th, 24th, 36th, 48th, and 72nd hour. RESULTS: Diclofenac sodium requirement during the study was lower in Group EM. Area under VAS-time curve was lower in Group EM compared to Group IVM, but similar to Group EMB and EMR. Pain scores at rest were higher at the 12, 24, 36, and 48th hour in Group IVM compared to Group EM. Pain scores at rest were higher at the 30th and 60th minutes in Group EM and Group IVM compared to Group EMB. Pain scores during cough at the 30th minute were higher in Group EM compared to Group EMB. There was no difference between Group IVM and Group EMR. CONCLUSIONS: Morphine used at the epidural route was found more effective than the intravenous route. While Group EM was more effective in the late period of postoperative, Group EMB was more effective in the early period. We concluded that epidural morphine was the most effective and preferred one.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: El objetivo de este estudio aleatorio, doble ciego y prospectivo fue determinar la eficacia y los efectos colaterales de la administración por vía intravenosa o epidural de morfina, bupivacaína o ropivacaína en el tratamiento del dolor pos toracotomía. MÉTODOS: Sesenta pacientes sometidos a procedimientos de toracotomía electiva fueron aleatoriamente ubicados en cuatro grupos con el uso de la técnica de sobres lacrados. Los grupos MIV, ME, MEB y MER recibieron morfina controlada por el paciente por vía intravenosa, epidural, morfina-bupivacaína y morfina-ropivacaína, respectivamente. La frecuencia cardíaca, presión arterial y la saturación de oxígeno perioperatorias y el dolor postoperatorio en reposo y durante la tos, los efectos colaterales y la necesidad de analgésicos de rescate fueron registrados a los 30 y 60 minutos y las 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48 y 72 horas. RESULTADOS: La necesidad de sodio diclofenaco durante el estudio fue menor en el grupo ME. El área bajo la curva de tiempo en la VAS fue menor en el grupo ME en comparación con el Grupo MIV, pero similar al Grupo MEB y MER. Las puntuaciones de dolor en reposo fueron mayores en los tiempos 12, 24, 36 y 48 horas en el Grupo MIV en comparación con el grupo ME. Las puntuaciones de dolor en reposo fueron mayores a los 30 y 60 minutos en los Grupos ME y MIV en comparación con el Grupo MEB. Las puntuaciones de dolor durante la tos a los 30 minutos fueron mayores en el grupo ME en comparación con el Grupo MEB. No hubo diferencia entre los Grupos MIV y MER. CONCLUSIONES: La morfina administrada por vía epidural fue más eficaz que por la vía intravenosa. La eficacia fue mayor en el grupo EM en el período postoperatorio tardío y en el Grupo MEB en el período postoperatorio inicial. Concluimos entonces que la morfina administrada por vía epidural fue la más eficaz y nuestra preferida.

Hemiarthroplasty in high risk elderly patient under epidural anesthesia with 0.75% ropivacaine-fentanyl versus 0.5% bupivacaine-fentanyl: clinical trial

Anesthetic management of elderly patients is a challenge as aging makes them more susceptible to hemodynamic fluctuations during regional anesthesia. This study was aimed to compare the clinical efficacy of epidural 0.75% ropivacaine fentanyl [RF]- with 0.5% bupivacaine-fentanyl [BF] for hemiarthroplasty in high-risk elderly patients. Sixty elderly consented patients of either sex with American Society of Anesthesiologist ASA II and III, scheduled for elective hemiarthroplasty were randomized into two Groups of 30 patients to receive epidural study solution of 15 mL of 0.75% Ropivacaine or 0.5% Bupivacaine with 1 mL fentanyl [50 microg]. The hemodynamic variability with onset and duration of sensory and motor blocks were recorded. The adequacy and quality of surgical anesthesia were assessed. The post-epidural nausea and vomiting, shivering, respiratory parameters, or any other side effects were also recorded. There was no difference in the demographic profile between groups. The mean onset time to achieve sensory block to the T[10] dermatome was rapid in the Group BF [12.4 +/- 6.9 vs. 17.5 +/- 3.7 min in Group RF]. The mean time to achieve motor block was 17.5 +/- 3.4 min in Group BF versus 21.7 +/- 7.8 min in Group RF. The intraoperative hemodynamic fluctuations showed statistically significant differences between groups. The pruritis was observed in five patients but post-epidural shivering, nausea, vomiting, respiratory depression, or urinary retention were not observed in any patient. Epidural 0.75% Ropivacaine with fentanyl showed better clinical profile as compared to 0.5% Bupivacaine with fentanyl for hemiarthroplasty in elderly patients

Clinical Outcomes of Epidural Neuroplasty for Cervical Disc Herniation

Cervical disc herniation is a common disorder characterized by neck pain radiating to the arm and fingers as determined by the affected dermatome. This condition has a favorable prognosis, but pain can have a serious detrimental impact on daily activities. Epidural neuroplasty has been applied as a treatment option for cervical disc herniation; however, no study has addressed the clinical outcomes. This retrospective study evaluated the clinical outcomes of epidural neuroplasty on 128 patients for the treatment of cervical disc herniation. To measure pain-related disabilities over time, the changes of pain scores in neck and arm were evaluated using a numerical rating scale (NRS) and the neck disability index (NDI). Compared with preprocedural values, the pain NRS of neck and arm demonstrated significant improvement at day 1, and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after the procedure (P < 0.001). Likewise, the NDI was significantly reduced at 3, 6, and 12 months after the procedure (P < 0.001). There were no serious complications. Cervical epidural neuroplasty shows good clinical outcomes in the treatment of cervical disc herniation and can be considered a treatment modality for cervical disc herniation refractory to conservative treatment.

Ropivacaína para raquianestesia unilateral: hiperbárica ou hipobárica? / Ropivacaine for unilateral spinal anesthesia; hyperbaric or hypobaric? / Ropivacaína para raquianestesia unilateral: ¿hiperbárica o hipobárica?

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a unilateralidade do bloqueio subaracnoide obtido com ropivacaína hiperbárica e hipobárica. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo aleatorizado conduzido em centro cirúrgico ortopédico. No total, 60 pacientes (ASA I-III) programados para cirurgia eletiva de artroplastia total do joelho foram incluídos no estudo. O grupo hipo (n = 30) recebeu 11,25 mg de ropivacaína (7,5 mg.mL-1) + 2 mL de água destilada (a densidade em temperatura ambiente foi 0,997) e o grupo hiper (n = 30) recebeu 11,25 mg de ropivacaína + 2 mL (5 mg.mL-1) de dextrose (a densidade em temperatura ambiente foi 1,015). Os pacientes no grupo hiperbárica foram posicionados com o lado operado para baixo e na posição de Fowler a 15º e os pacientes do grupo hipobárica foram posicionados com o lado operado para cima e na posição de Trendelenburg a 15º. O bloqueio combinado de raquianestesia e anestesia peridural (ACRP) foi realizado na linha mediana do interespaço lombar em L3 e L4. Foram avaliados os parâmetros hemodinâmicos e de bloqueio da coluna vertebral, tempo de regressão, sucesso da raquianestesia unilateral, conforto do paciente, do cirurgião e da cirurgia, tempo até a primeira requisição analgésica e efeitos adversos. RESULTADOS: O tempo necessário para atingir o nível de dermátomo T10 no lado operado foi menor no grupo hiper (612,00 ± 163,29 segundos) comparado ao grupo hipo (763,63 ± 208,35 segundos) (p < 0,05). O tempo para a regressão de dois segmentos do nível de bloqueio sensorial nos lados operado e não operado foi menor no grupo hipo do que no grupo hiper. CONCLUSÃO: A ropivacaína tanto hiperbárica quanto hipobárica (11,25 mg) proporcionou anestesia adequada e confiável para artroplastia total do joelho (ATJ), com um alto nível de conforto para o paciente e cirurgião. As soluções anestésicas hipobáricas locais fornecem um alto nível de anestesia unilateral, com rápida recuperação dos bloqueios sensitivo e motor e, portanto, pode ser preferível em regime ambulatorial.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare the unilaterality of subarachnoid block achieved with hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine. METHODS: The prospective, randomized trial was conducted in an orthopedics surgical suite. In all, 60 ASA I-III patients scheduled for elective total knee arthroplasty were included in the study. Group Hypo (n = 30) received 11.25 mg of ropivacaine (7.5 mg.mL-1) + 2 mL of distilled water (density at room temperature was 0.997) and group Hyper (n = 30) received 11.25 mg of ropivacaine (7.5 mg.mL-1) + 2 mL (5 mg.mL-1) of dextrose (density at room temperature was 1,015). Patients in the hyperbaric group were positioned with the operated side down and in the 15º Fowler position, versus those in the hypobaric group with the operated side facing up and in the 15º Trendelenburg position. Combined spinal epidural anesthesia was performed midline at the L3-4 lumbar interspace. Hemodynamic and spinal block parameters, regression time, success of unilateral spinal anesthesia, patient comfort, surgical comfort, surgeon comfort, first analgesic requirement time, and adverse effects were assessed. RESULTS: Time to reach the T10 dermatome level on the operated side was shorter in group Hyper (612.00 ± 163.29 s) than in group Hypo (763.63 ± 208.35 s) (p < 0.05). Time to 2-segment regression of the sensory block level on both the operated and non-operated sides was shorter in group Hypo than in group Hyper. CONCLUSION: Both hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine (11.25 mg) provided adequate and dependable anesthesia for total knee replacement surgery, with a high level of patient and surgeon comfort. Hypobaric local anesthetic solutions provide a high level of unilateral anesthesia, with rapid recovery of both sensory and motor block, and therefore may be preferable in outpatient settings.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la unilateralidad del bloqueo subaracnoideo logrado con la ropivacaína hiperbárica y con la ropivacaína hipobárica. MÉTODOS: El estudio randomizado y prospectivo fue llevado a cabo en una sala quirúrgica ortopédica. En total, 60 pacientes ASA I-III seleccionados para artoplastia electiva total de rodilla fueron incluidos en el estudio. El grupo Hipo (n = 30) recibió 11,25 mg de ropivacaína (7.5 mg.mL-1) + 2 mL de agua destilada (la densidad en la temperatura ambiente era de 0,997) y el grupo Hiper (n = 30) recibió 11,25 mg de ropivacaína + 2 mL (5 mg.mL-1) de dextrosa (la densidad en la temperatura ambiente era de 1,015). Los pacientes del grupo hiperbárica fueron colocados con el lado operado hacia abajo y en la posición de Fowler a 15º, y los pacientes del grupo hipobárica fueron colocados con el lado operado hacia arriba en la posición de Trendelenburg a 15º. El bloqueo combinado de raquianestesia y de anestesia epidural (CRP) fue realizado en la línea media del interespacio lumbar en L3 y L4. Se evaluaron los parámetros hemodinámico y de bloqueo de la columna vertebral, el tiempo de regresión, el éxito de la raquianestesia unilateral, la comodidad del paciente, la tranquilidad en la cirugía y la comodidad del cirujano, así como el tiempo requerido para la primera analgesia y los efectos adversos. RESULTADOS: El tiempo necesario para alcanzar el nivel del dermatoma T10 en el lado operado fue más corto en el grupo Hiper (612,00 ± 163,29 segundos) que en el grupo Hipo (763,63 ± 208,35 segundos) (p < 0,05). El tiempo para la regresión de los dos segmentos del nivel de bloqueo sensorial tanto en el lado operado como en el no operado, fue más corto en el grupo Hipo que en el grupo Hiper. CONCLUSIONES: Tanto la ropivacaína hiperbárica como la hipobárica (11,25 mg) han demostrado una anestesia adecuada y confiable para la artoplastia total de rodilla (ATR), con un alto nivel de comodidad tanto para el paciente como para el cirujano. Las soluciones anestésicas hipobáricas locales suministran un alto nivel de anestesia unilateral con una rápida recuperación de los bloqueos sensorial y motor, y por tanto, puede ser preferible en un régimen ambulatorial.

Intrapleural analgesia after endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy / Analgesia intrapleural após simpatectomia videotoracoscópica

PURPOSE: To compare analgesia traditionally used for thoracic sympathectomy to intrapleural ropivacaine injection in two different doses. METHODS: Twenty-four patients were divided into three similar groups, and all of them received intravenous dipyrone. Group A received intravenous tramadol and intrapleural injection of saline solution. Group B received intrapleural injection of 0.33 percent ropivacaine, and Group C 0.5 percent ropivacaine. The following aspects were analyzed: inspiratory capacity, respiratory rate and pain. Pain was evaluated in the immediate postoperative period by means of the visual analog scale and over a one-week period. RESULTS: In Groups A and B, reduced inspiratory capacity was observed in the postoperative period. In the first postoperative 12 hours, only 12.5 percent of the patients in Groups B and C showed intense pain as compared to 25 percent in Group A. In the subsequent week, only one patient in Group A showed mild pain while the remainder reported intense pain. In Group B, half of the patients showed intense pain, and in Group C, only one presented intense pain. CONCLUSION: Intrapleural analgesia with ropivacaine resulted in less pain in the late postoperative period with better analgesic outcomes in higher doses, providing a better ventilatory pattern.

OBJETIVO: Comparar a analgesia tradicionalmente utilizada para simpatectomia videotoracoscópica à injeção intrapleural de ropivacaína em duas doses diferentes. MÉTODOS: Vinte e quatro pacientes foram distribuídos em três grupos semelhantes, e todos eles receberam dipirona endovenosa. O grupo A recebeu tramadol endovenoso e injeção intrapleural de solução salina. O grupo B recebeu injeção intrapleural de ropivacaína a 0,33 por cento, e Grupo C ropivacaína a 0,5 por cento. Os aspectos analisados foram: capacidade inspiratória, freqüência respiratória e dor. A dor foi avaliada no período pós-operatório por meio da escala visual analógica e durante o período de uma semana. RESULTADOS: Nos grupos A e B, a redução da capacidade inspiratória foi observada no período pós-operatório. Nas primeiras 12 horas de pós-operatório, apenas 12,5 por cento dos pacientes nos grupos B e C apresentaram dor intensa em comparação a 25 por cento no Grupo A. Na semana seguinte, apenas um paciente do grupo A apresentou dor leve, enquanto o restante relatou dor intensa. No Grupo B, metade dos pacientes apresentou dor intensa, e no Grupo C, apenas um apresentou intensa dor. CONCLUSÃO: A analgesia intrapleural com ropivacaína resultou em menos dor no pós-operatório tardio com os melhores resultados analgésicos nas doses mais altas, proporcionando um melhor padrão ventilatório.

Efficacy of bimatoprost 0.03% in reducing intraocular pressure in patients with 360° synechial angle-closure glaucoma: A preliminary study.

Context: Peripheral anterior synechiae (PAS; synechiae anterior to functional trabecular meshwork) formation in primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) hampers access to uveoscleral outflow. Thus, the role of bimatoprost in such patients with 360° synechiae was evaluated. Aims: To assess efficacy and safety profile of bimatoprost 0.03% in lowering intraocular pressure (IOP) in 360° synechial angle-closure glaucoma patients. Settings and Design: This was a prospective, non-randomized, non-comparative, selective analysis, single-center pilot study. Materials and Methods: A total of 23 eyes of 20 Indian chronic angle-closure glaucoma (CACG) patients with IOP greater than 21 mmHg, 360° PAS and no visual potential in the study eye underwent detailed eye examination. Baseline IOP was measured and YAG peripheral iridotomy was performed for complete angle-closure reconfirmation. Bimatoprost 0.03% was administered for 8 weeks as once-daily evening dose. IOP reduction within treatment group was determined with “paired t-test”. Results: The mean reduction in IOP from baseline to 8 weeks of bimatoprost therapy was 15.3 ± 9.5 mmHg (P < 0.001). The most commonly observed adverse event was conjunctival hyperemia (35%). Bimatoprost was well tolerated in the study. Conclusions: In this study, exclusively involving patients with 360° synechial angle-closure glaucoma and no visual potential, bimatoprost 0.03% treatment demonstrated a statistically significant IOP reduction. Hence, it can be inferred that bimatoprost 0.03% is an efficacious treatment modality in this subgroup of patients for reducing IOP.

Bloqueio do plexo braquial por via interescalênica: efeitos sobre a função pulmonar / Interscalene brachial plexus block: effects on pulmonary function / Bloqueo del plexo braquial por vía interescalénica: efectos sobre la función pulmonar

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A via interescalênica é um dos acessos mais comumente utilizados no bloqueio do plexo braquial. Todavia, tem-se demonstrado associação dessa técnica com o bloqueio do nervo frênico ipsilateral. A disfunção diafragmática daí resultante provoca alterações na mecânica pulmonar, potencialmente deletérias em pacientes com limitação da reserva ventilatória. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a repercussão do bloqueio interescalênico sobre a função pulmonar por meio da medida da capacidade vital forçada (CVF). MÉTODO: Estudo duplamente encoberto com 30 pacientes, estado físico I ou II (ASA), distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos de15. Foi administrada solução a 0,5 por cento de ropivacaína (Grupo Ropi) ou bupivacaína a 0,5 por cento com epinefrina (Grupo Bupi). O bloqueio foi realizado utilizando estimulador de nervo periférico e sendo injetados 30 mL de anestésico local. Quatro espirometrias foram realizadas em cada paciente: antes do bloqueio, 30 minutos, 4 e 6 horas após. Os pacientes não receberam sedação. RESULTADOS: Um paciente do Grupo Ropi e três pacientes do Grupo Bupi foram excluídos do estudo por falha de bloqueio. A redução da CVF no Grupo Ropi foi máxima aos 30 minutos (25,1 por cento) e a partir de então houve tendência progressiva à recuperação. Já com bupivacaína, a redução da CVF pareceu ser menos acentuada nos diversos momentos estudados; observou-se redução adicional entre 30 minutos (15,8 por cento) e 4 horas (17,3 por cento), sendo esta sem diferença estatística. A partir de 4 horas, notou-se tendência à recuperação. Em ambos os grupos, após 6 horas de bloqueio a CVF encontra-se ainda abaixo dos valores prévios. CONCLUSÕES: O bloqueio interescalênico reduz a CVF na maioria dos casos; as alterações foram mais acentuadas no Grupo Ropivacaína.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The interscalene is one of the most common approaches used in brachial plexus block. However, the association of this approach with the ipsilateral blockade of the phrenic nerve has been demonstrated. The resulting diaphragmatic dysfunction causes changes in lung mechanics, which can be potentially deleterious in patients with limited respiratory reserve. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the repercussion of interscalene brachial plexus block on pulmonary function by measuring forced vital capacity (FVC). METHODS: This is a double-blind study with 30 patients, physical status ASA I or II, randomly separated into two groups of 15 patients each; 0.5 percent ropivacaine (Ropi Group) or 0.5 percent bupivacaine with epinephrine (Bupi Group) was administered. A peripheral nerve stimulator was used, and 30 mL of the local anesthetic were administered. Four spirometries were done in each patient: before the blockade, 30 minutes, four hours, and six hours after the blockade. Patients were not sedated. RESULTS: One patient in the Ropi Group and three patients in the Bupi Group were excluded from the study due to failure of the blockade. The Ropi Group showed maximal FVC reduction at 30 minutes (25.1 percent), with a tendency for recovery from this point on. With bupivacaine, the reduction in FVC was less important at the different study moments; an additional reduction was observed between 30 (15.8 percent) and four hours (17.3 percent), but it was not statistically significant. A tendency for recovery was observed from four hours on. In both groups, the FVC six hours after the blockade was still below baseline levels. CONCLUSIONS: Interscalene block reduces FVC in most cases. Changes were more pronounced in the Ropivacaine group.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: La vía interescalénica es uno de los accesos más a menudo utilizados en el bloqueo del plexo braquial. Sin embargo, se ha demostrado una asociación de esa técnica con el bloqueo del nervio frénico ipsilateral. La disfunción diafragmática de resultas de esa asociación, provoca alteraciones en la mecánica pulmonar, potencialmente perjudiciales en pacientes con una limitación de la reserva ventilatoria. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la repercusión del bloqueo interescalénico sobre la función pulmonar por medio de la medida de la capacidad vital forzada (CVF). MÉTODO: Estudio doble ciego, con 30 pacientes, estado físico I o II (ASA), distribuidos aleatoriamente en dos grupos de 15. Se administró solución a 0,5 por ciento de ropivacaína (Grupo Ropi) o bupivacaína a 0,5 por ciento con epinefrina (Grupo Bupi). El bloqueo fue realizado utilizando estimulador de nervio periférico e inyectando 30 mL de anestésico local. Cuatro espirometrías se hicieron en cada paciente: antes del bloqueo, 30 minutos, 4 y 6 horas después. Los pacientes no recibieron sedación. RESULTADOS: Un paciente del Grupo Ropi y tres pacientes del Grupo Bupi, quedaron excluidos del estudio por fallos de bloqueo. La reducción de la CVF en el Grupo Ropi se hizo máxima a los 30 minutos (25,1 por ciento) y a partir de entonces, hubo una tendencia progresiva a la recuperación. Ya con la bupivacaína, la reducción de la CVF pareció ser menos acentuada en los diversos momentos estudiados; se observó una reducción adicional entre 30 minutos (15,8 por ciento) y 4 horas (17,3 por ciento), siendo esa sin diferencia estadística. A partir de 4 horas, se notó una tendencia a la recuperación. En los dos grupos, después de 6 horas de bloqueo, la CVF todavía estaba por debajo de los valores previos. CONCLUSIONES: El bloqueo interescalénico reduce la CVF en la mayoría de los casos; las alteraciones fueron más acentuadas en el Grupo Ropivacaína.